Business

Welcome to my “Business”.

What is a business?

Business is an organized way to provide customers the goods and services required. Business has a broad sense and narrow sense. Broadly defined business refers to all for-profit business, and narrow business refers to for-profit activities specializing in commodity exchange activities.https://www.blogger.com

Most business practices make money by selling goods or services at prices above the cost of ownership, with Microsoft, Sony, IBM, Lenovo and General Motors as typical representatives of profitable business organizations. However, some business practices are only meant to provide the basic capital needed to operate a business. Generally speaking, such business activities are non-profit-making, such as various foundations and the Red Cross.

It is generally believed that commerce stems from barter exchange in primitive society. Its essence is exchanged, and it is an equivalent exchange based on people's understanding of value.

The rise of commerce in the early Shang period of the merchant, [1] formed in the early stage is the way the matter for the social activities. Later it developed into an economic activity in which currency was exchanged for the circulation of commodities. Modern business is divided into two kinds of offline and online, greatly improving the efficiency of trade.

Economic activity that allows the circulation of commodities by means of trading.

Business is an organized delivery of goods and services required by customers. Most business practices make money by selling goods or services at prices above the cost of ownership, with Microsoft, Sony, IBM, Lenovo and General Motors as typical representatives of profitable business organizations. However, some business practices are only meant to provide the basic capital needed to operate a business. Generally speaking, such business activities are non-profit-making, such as various foundations and the Red Cross. It is generally believed that commerce stems from barter exchange in primitive society. Its essence is exchanged, and it is an equivalent exchange based on people's understanding of value.

Chinese ancient editor

Ancient Chinese business emerged in the early Shang period, the initial development in the Qin and Han dynasties, to the Sui and Tang dynasties have been further developed.

Business rose in the pre-Qin period

Chinese people learned to do business very early. The businesspeople started their commercial activities in the Xia Dynasty. Wang Hai, the seventh king of the country, was the first Chinese business ancestor.  

After the sacrifice of the King of Zhou Dynasty, some descendants of the Shang Dynasty lost their land in order to maintain their livelihood and went trading for business. As time went by, they formed a permanent occupation. Zhou people call them "merchants", saying that their occupation is "business." This name has been extended to this day. During the transaction, the nobility in the Zhou dynasty would not do it. At that time, the commoners should not be able to buy or sell crops, and the sale of goods was needed by the society. Over time, the commerce of buying and selling commodities became the main trades of Shang dynasty descendants. With the national integration and the development of the commodity economy, the minority aristocrats in the Zhou Dynasty began to buy and sell their products. As a result, traders gradually lost their derogatory meaning of "stubbornness" and became professionally engaged in the trading of commodities.

The money used by the Shang dynasty was shellfish, with seashells, bivalve, stone shell, jade shell and copper shellfish. The emergence of the copper shell, indicating the Shang Dynasty already had a metal casting currency. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, commerce became an indispensable social and economic department. At that time, under the system of "business officials serving food," businesses were monopolized by the state. In commercial exchange, the main currency is still shellfish, but copper is also used as a means of exchange. Copper itself is an important commodity but also assumes the function of currency, and later developed into a copper coin. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the government controlled the commercial situation was broken, many commodity markets and big merchants appeared everywhere. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the famous big merchants had the recluses Fan Li of the Song Dynasty, the chord height of the Kingdom of Zheng, and his disciples Zigong; the well-known merchants of the Warring States period included Bai Gui and Lu Buwei in Wei State. During the Warring States period, the types of copper coins that were circulated in various countries increased in number, shapes, imitating farm implements, some imitating various tools, and others imitating shell shapes. The large number and variety of currencies reflect the more developed commerce than in the past. The development of commodity exchange has promoted the prosperity of the city.

Commercial Development in Qin and Han Dynasties.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, in order to change the current Warring States period a wide range of currencies, the degree (volume) volume (weight) varies, decided to unify the currency, the original circulation of the Qin round hole money as a national circulation standard Currency, which is commonly known as "Qin half." He also unified the weights and measures, built Chi Road, these measures are conducive to the development of commerce and national unity. In particular, the unified currency has a far-reaching impact on future generations. Since then, most feudal dynasties have mastered the power of coinage. The shape of money also maintains a circular square hole pattern similar to that of the "Qin and Banalities." During the Han Dynasty, with the formation and consolidation of the unified situation and the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft industry, especially the two Han administrations implemented the policy of "Opening and closing bridges and relaxing hillsides", the business started to develop initially. At that time, Chang'an and Luoyang, capital cities, and Shenyang, Wan (Nanyang), Chengdu and other big cities all developed into famous commercial centers. Each city has its own "city" dedicated to trade. Chang' a has its east and west cities and later developed into nine cities. At that time, the government adopted a strict restriction on urban commercial activities. Strict separation of urban areas and residential areas, surrounded by walls. The city has stores selling goods, the official government officials or mayor of the city with full-time officials to manage, open on time, close the market, no business activities after the close of the market. The city's prices are also managed by officials.

Different from the past, the two Han dynasties also opened two Silk Roads on land and sea, and Sino-foreign trade gradually developed. After Zhang Qian passed the Western Regions, the Silk Road on the Silk Road opened. The route departed from Chang'an and passed through the Hexi Corridor to exit Yumen Pass or Yangguan. Then through today's Xinjiang, it entered Central Asia and West Asia. After the Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, it also opened up the water transportation line for contacts with the South China Sea countries and the Indian Peninsula and engaged in regular trade. This is the Maritime Silk Road. The opening of the two Silk Roads is conducive to the development of Sino-foreign trade.

Sui and Tang Dynasties business

In the developed cities of Sui and Tang dynasties, except Chang'an and Luoyang in the Yellow River basin, Songzhou and Yangzhou along the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang dynasties were all commercial metropolises at that time. Hongzhou also became a prosperous commercial city in the more southeastern coastal areas. Chang'a City in the Tang Dynasty Square, City; City has two, East and West City. The city and the square separated by the fence, open regularly during the day, closed. East and West each occupies two squares, each with 220 lines. Thousands more than 1000 shops in the city of East, goods plot, merchants gathered. The Tang government allowed foreign merchants to trade freely in the territory and the Hu merchants spread all over the metropolis. Western City, there are Western Regions, and Persia, big businessman, "Hu Feng", "vulgar" popular. Chang' a City, with a population of less than a million people, the demand for such a large population of goods, resulting in the prosperity of Chang' a City. Rural markets have also been further developed. Especially in the vicinity of water and land transportation routes, the market is constantly increasing, and some also developed into important towns.

Sui and Tang's dynasties continued to develop foreign trade. During the early Tang Dynasty, the Silk Road on land was smooth and there was a rush of business travel. After the Anhsang Rebellion, the focus of foreign commercial traffic shifted from the northwestern overland to the southeast coast. Vietnam is the largest port of southeast trade and a gathering place for foreign merchant ships. The Tang government has set up a city ship here, specializing in foreign trade.

Two Song Dynasty commercial prosperity.

It is based on the time since the late Tang Dynasty began when the strict system of municipal districts was broken and the time was no longer restricted. The commercial prosperity of the two Song Dynasties was all-encompassing. Not only the variety of commodities, but also the flourishing domestic trade, border trade, and foreign trade. The prosperity of business has had a significant impact. The Yuan Dynasty realized unprecedented unification of the country and promoted the continued prosperity of commerce. (1) The causes of commercial prosperity during the Song and Song Dynasties

Two Song commercial unprecedented prosperity. First of all, after the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, the situation of dividing and separating the late Tang and the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms was eliminated. The normal development of social economy and the high development of agriculture and handicrafts provided a solid material foundation for the prosperity of commerce. Second, the government gradually relaxed restrictions on commodity trading. From the late Tang Dynasty, the strictly separate municipal system gradually broken, to the Song Dynasty, the shop has been opened everywhere, the trading time is also a day-to-city restriction, sooner or later can operate. Third, although the metal currency was still used on the market in the Song Dynasty, in the Northern Song Dynasty, wealthy merchants in Yizhou Prefecture of Sichuan began issuing paper currency "Jiao Zi", the earliest paper currency in the world. Later, the government set up an office in Yizhou, printed and distributed intercourse. When the Southern Song Dynasty, the wide range of banknotes used, the circulation also greatly increased. The issuance of banknotes facilitated the commercial activities and promoted the prosperity of commerce. Fourth, the Song and Song Dynasties convenient water and land transportation, especially the smooth passage of maritime Silk Road, is conducive to the development of foreign trade.

(2) Two Song commercial prosperity performance.

Commercial prosperity in the two Song Dynasties first manifested in the prosperity of urban commerce. Prosperous metropolis devaluation Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty line in Lin'an. Since the fifth generation, Kaifeng has become increasingly prosperous and prosperous. By the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng had developed into a megacity with a population of more than one million in the world at that time, and commerce enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. The city has both bustling commercial district, there are professional trading venues. Northern Song Dynasty painter Zhang Zeduan "Qingming Riverside" vividly reflect the bustling city of Kaifeng scene. The Southern Song Dynasty scheduled in Lin'an, the heyday of Lin'an population reached millions, to replace Kaifeng became the world's largest city at the time. Shops in the city, trade is booming, morning market, the night market is connected day and night, restaurants, teahouse, tile and another patchwork. Increasing variety of products, various types of markets appear. Many agricultural and sideline products and handicrafts began to turn to the market and became important commodities. Such as the surplus farmers in the Su-Lake region of food, the southern woodcutter made of wood have become a commodity. When the Northern Song Dynasty, more types of goods, businesses pay attention to the packaging of goods, but also pay attention to their own products for advertising. The popular proverb of the Southern Song Dynasty, "Suhu cooked, world foot," shows that surplus grain from farmers in the Suhu region has become an important commodity. There are also various types of bazaars in the city that are regular and irregular, professional and seasonal. Business tax revenue has become an important source of government revenue.

During the Song Dynasty, border trade flourished. North Song and Liao, Xixia confrontation, confrontation with the South Song and gold. The two Songs set up their own forums in the border areas adjacent to Liao, Xixia, and Gin so as to conduct bilateral trade with each other and make huge profits.

Two Song Dynasty, overseas trade developed. The Songhai Maritime Silk Road was smooth and the government also paid special attention to overseas trade. In this way, overseas trade is developed. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Arabian Peninsula and even Africa, dozens of countries trade with China. When the Southern Song Dynasty, overseas trade developed even more, and foreign trade taxes became one of the important sources of treasury wealth.

Yuan Dynasty business continued to flourish.

Yuan Dynasty realized unprecedented unification of the country and laid the foundation for the further development of the economy. The Grand Canal was re-dredged, the Grand Canal dredged directly from Hangzhou to the capital, the sea was opened up, and the shipping departed from Liujiagang at the mouth of the Yangtze River and the Yellow Sea, And the Bohai Sea arrived in Zhigu (Tianjin). The Yuan government also ran a number of postal stations across the country. The Silk Road on land across Europe and Asia also prospered again, all of which contributed to the continued prosperity of the Yuan Dynasty's commerce.

Yuan Dynasty mostly political and cultural center is also a bustling international business metropolis. From Eastern Europe, Central Asia, from the coast of Africa, from Japan, North Korea, from all over Southeast Asia, there are caravans coming to the capital. There are more than 30 various bazaars in the city and no fewer than 100,000 residents. A variety of domestic and foreign goods flow together here. "There is nothing like a hundred kinds of imported fish," said the silk, which is said to run into the city only once daily, to reach a thousand cars. Shaoxing is the largest commercial and handicraft center in the South, "the huge trade, no one can say the least." Quanzhou is an important port for foreign trade in the Yuan Dynasty. Often more than 100 sea-going ships are moored here, and foreign travelers claim it as the world's largest port. Yuan government here with the Secretary for the ship, strict control of foreign trade.

Ming and Qing Merchants and Shanxi Merchants

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the relationship between small-scale peasants and markets became closer and the commercialization of agricultural products developed. The urban economy enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and development, and many big cities and rural markets were very prosperous. One of Beijing and Nanjing is a national business city, bringing together specialties in all directions. In all parts of the country, there emerged many groups of businessmen who are businessmen, of which the largest number and the most powerful are the merchants of Huizhou and Shanxi.

(1) Hui Merchants

Huizhou businessmen that Huizhou business. Huizhou has business traditions, Huizhou people are united, pay attention to mutual help, and also advocates thrift. After hundreds of years of operation, Huizhou merchants have accumulated amazing wealth. Huizhou merchants almost "non-goods do not settle" business scope is very wide, but the "first fish salt", the salt business with particular attention. The rise of the merchants started from the operation of salt. The salt production in the Ming Dynasty was monopolized by the government. In order to solve the problem of insufficient border garrison salaries, the Ming government allowed merchants to deliver grain to designated border posts and give them the right to sell salt. Huizhou away from the border areas far, Huizhou merchants initially in the salt business is not dominant. However, by the middle and later mid-Ming period, the Ming government changed its grain to the cashier and the Huizhou merchants invested in the salt industry and became wealthy. After accumulating commercial capital in the salt industry, Huizhou Merchants expanded its business scope to operate tea leaves, timber, and foodstuffs. Its activities cover all parts of the country. The folk saying goes: "There is no emblem, not a town." In overseas countries also leave their footprints, there are "everywhere Hui Merchants" said. Huizhou merchants, with their abundant commercial capital, are engaged in commodity trading and long-distance trafficking. They also engage in the production field to dominate the production activities of some handicraftsmen. They also operate financial industries such as pawnshop to obtain high profits. Huizhou merchants flourished for hundreds of years from the early Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty and saw the emergence of wealthy merchants with millions or even over 10 million assets.

(2) Shanxi business

Shanxi Merchants that Shanxi businessmen. They are the other big trade gangs in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, famous for their merchants. The rise and development of them are exactly the same as the Huizhou merchants. The rise of Shanxi merchants also operates salt industry. In the early days of the Ming Dynasty, Shanxi merchants took advantage of the borders with the northern frontier to transport the military grain to the government, acquire the right to sell salt, run the salt industry to become rich, and become rich salt merchants. After accumulating huge commercial capital, they gradually expanded their business scope to sell silk, ironware, tea, cotton, timber and so on. During the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty, the Shanxi merchants began to set up ticket numbers for financial institutions, to operate deposits, lend money and exchange remittances, and to provide government agencies money and grain. After a long period of operation and accumulation, the financial resources of Shanxi merchants have grown. By the Qing dynasty, the assets of over one hundred million were numerous and the assets of Shanxi merchants' wealthy Prince Jiang amounted to tens of millions of taels. The scope of activities of the Shanxi merchants is extremely broad. Many people even go abroad to do business in Japan, Southeast Asia, and Russia.